Research Methods A Modular Approach 2nd Edition by Jackson – Test Bank

Research Methods A Modular Approach 2nd Edition by Jackson – Test Bank

Module 4

Ethical Research

Module Outline

Ethical Standards in Research with Human Participants
Institutional Review Boards
Informed Consent
Risk
Deception
Debriefing
Ethical Standards in Research with Children
Ethical Standards in Research with Animals
Summary

Review of Key Terms

Debriefing—Providing information about the true purpose of the study as soon after the completion of data collection as possible.

Deception—Lying to the participants concerning the true nature of the study because knowing the true nature of the study would affect how they might perform in the study.

Informed Consent—A form given to individuals before they participate in a study in order to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate.

Institutional Review Board—A committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human participants are used.

Web Resources

For step-by-step practice and information, have your students check out the Statistics and Research Methods Workshops at http://www. cengage.com/psychology/workshops. In addition, practice quizzes, vocabulary flashcards, and more are available at http://www.cengage.com/psychology/jackson

Lab Resources

For hands-on experience using the material covered in this module, consider having your students complete either of the following lab exercises: Lab 3 (Ethics of Research) in Doing Research: A Lab Manual for Psychology, by Jane F. Gaultney (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2007.

Answers to Module Exercises

1. Debriefing entails providing information about the true purpose of the study as soon as possible after the completion of data collection. Through the debriefing process, participants should learn more about the benefits of research to them and to society in general. The researcher also has the opportunity to alleviate any discomfort the participants may be experiencing. During debriefing, the researcher should try to bring the participants back to the same state of mind that they were in before they participated in the study.

2. When participants in a study are classified as “at risk” this means that there is the potential for them to be under some emotional or physical risk. Participants at “minimal risk” are at no more risk than those encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.

3. In addition to treating the animals humanely throughout all experimental procedures, the APA guidelines on the use of animals mandate that there must be justification for the research, that the personnel interacting with the animals must be properly trained, that there must be adequate care and housing for the animals, and that the animals are acquired in the appropriate manner.

4. Researchers must consider how informed consent works with children. It should be obtained from the legal guardian for all persons under 18 years of age. However, even in this situation, if the child is of the age to understand language, then the researcher should also try to inform the child concerning the study. The researcher also needs to be particularly sensitive to whether or not the child feels comfortable exercising the rights provided through the informed consent.

Test Items

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When Milgram informed the participants in his study that it was on learning and memory, rather than obedience, he utilized:
a. psychological harm.
b. informed consent.
c. debriefing.
d. deception.

Answer: d

^w2. If a researcher told participants that her study was about visual perception rather than what it is really on, conformity, she would be utilizing:
a. debriefing
b. no risk
c. an informed consent
d. deception

Answer: d

3. The Tuskegee syphilis study is the most glaring example of failure to:
a. obtain informed consent.
b. use deception properly.
c. use debriefing.
d. comply.

Answer: a

4. __________ refers to explaining the purpose of a study to participants after completion of data collection.
a. Debriefing
b. Informed consent
c. Deception
d. None of these

Answer: a

^w5. _____refers to explaining the purpose of a study to participants after completion of data collection, and _____ refers to not telling the participants the truth about the purpose of the study.
a. deception; debriefing
b. debriefing; informed consent
c. informed consent; debriefing
d. debriefing; deception

Answer: d

6. To ensure ethical standards, research proposals are typically reviewed by:
a. an ethics committee.
b. an institutional review board.
c. a deception and debriefing board.
d. all three groups itemized in the other alternatives.

Answer: b

7. An _____ helps to determine whether participants are _____ or _____.
a. IRB; debriefed; not
b. IRB; at risk; at minimal risk
c. Informed consent; debriefed; not
d. Informed consent; at risk; at minimal risk

Answer: b

8. A committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human participants are used is a(n) _____
a. Institutional Review Board
b. Informed Consent Committee
c. Debriefing Committee
d. Anti-deception Board

Answer: a

9. A form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate is a (n) _____.
a. IRB Form
b. Informed Consent Form
c. Debriefing Form
d. Compliance Form

Answer: b

10. Providing information about the true purpose of a study as soon after the completion of data collection as possible is referred to as _____.
a. the anti-deception technique
b. compliance
c. debriefing
d. informed consent

Answer: c