Motivation Theory Research And Application International Edition 6th Edition by Herbert L – Test Bank

Motivation Theory Research And Application International Edition 6th Edition by Herbert L – Test Bank

CHAPTER 6  – Instructor’s Manual

Incentive Motivation

Chapter Preview

This chapter is concerned with the following questions:

1. What is incentive motivation?

2. How has incentive motivation been explained theoretically?

3. How have the concepts of expectancy and meaningfulness been incorporated into the incentive concept?

4. How does incentive motivation influence sexual behavior?

5. Can addiction be understood from the perspective of incentive motivation?

Chapter Outline

Incentives as Energizers

Incentive Motivation (K)

Hull-Spence and r_g-s_g

The Persistence of Behavior

Amsel and r_f-s_f

Incentives as Generators of Emotion

Mowrer: Fear, Hope, Relief and Disappointment

Incentives as Carriers of Information

Tolman: Cognitive Formulations

Expectancy

Predictability

The Overmier and Lowry Model

The Bindra Model

Klinger: Meaningfulness

Incentives and Goals

Disengagement Phases

1. Invigoration

2. Primitivization

3. Aggression

4. Depression

5. Recovery

Grief as Disengagement

Incentive Aspects of Sexual Motivation

Pheromones

Menstrual Cycle Modulators

Opposite Sex Attraction Signals

Learned Sexual Stimuli

Female Attractiveness

Male Attractiveness

Incentive Motivation and Physical Addiction

Behavioral Addictions

Class Lecture Ideas

1. Incentive Motivation (K)

Clark Hull developed a comprehensive theory of learning and motivation in the 1950s.  Hull’s formula for determination was E = H x D x K, where E = likelihood of a behavior, H = learning (habit strength), D = drive, and K = incentive motivation (simple version of formula).  Relevant to this chapter, Hull contributed greatly to American psychology and was a strong voice in trying to predict behavior through understanding motivation.  Spence was a student of Hull’s. Review Hull’s theory of motivation, and show how it predicts behavior.

2.  Reinforcement Schedules

The chapter discusses partial reinforcement schedule and its role in motivation.  A good lecture is to expand the topic to schedules of reinforcement, as stated by Ferster and Skinner (1957).  Include continuous reinforcement schedule, and the partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules:  fixed ratio variable ratio, fixed interval and variable interval.  Include information on consequences of each schedule, and provide examples for students.

3.  Mowrer and Incentive Motivation

Mowrer developed an important approach to motivation.  Provide background and details of his theory.  Include his four primary emotions (fear, hope, relief, and disappointment) and his ideas of incentives as carriers of information.

4.  Tolman and Latent Learning

Tolman presented an early cognitive approach to psychology.  Provide details on Tolman and his holistic view.  Be sure to include the Tolman and Honzik (1930) study.

5.  The Bindra Central Motive State Model

A lecture that explores Bindra’s central motive state approach is useful for students to understand this perspective.

6.  Klinger’s Approach to Motivation

It is useful to provide additional details of Klinger’s theoretical approach.  Discuss his concepts of meaningfulness, and his five phases of disengagement (invigoration, primitivization, aggression, depression, and recovery).

7.  Pheromones

There is a lot of information on pheromones that you might incorporate into a lecture.  Pheromones indicate sexual readiness in a number of animal species.  Pheromones have also been implicated in people, a topic that students are particularly interested in.  You might want to review the early work of Martha McClintock, who found menstrual synchronization in college roommates.  And the pheromonal recognition between mothers and infants is interesting.

8.  Sexual Attractiveness

A review of sexual attractiveness is appropriate.  Carefully present research on what contributes to female attractiveness and male attractiveness.

9.  Incentive Motivation and Physical Addiction

A lecture on incentive motivation and addiction might be useful to students.  Explain how addiction can be explained as a craving for a drug (as opposed to simply pleasure).

Class Activities

1.  Develop a List of Incentives

The text states that the term incentive “usually describes some goal object that motivates us”.  What are some of the most important incentives in the lives of students?  Have students develop a list of common incentives.  One way is to ask students to take a sheet of paper and write as many incentives as they can think of.  Then have them rank order their incentives.  Then ask students to get into small groups and combine their top incentives.  And finally, have each small group present their list to the class.  Ultimately, try to develop a “class list” of common incentives.

2.  Survey on Attractiveness

What determines the attractiveness of males and females?  An interesting and fun class activity is to develop and administer a short survey on physical attractiveness.  Perhaps easiest is open-ended questions.  For example, “What are the most important contributors to female attractiveness?”  Do same for male attractiveness.  Think about demographic questions:  sex, age, relationship status.  Have students distribute the surveys and compile responses.  Then share results with class.  You might have students discuss any differences in participants’ sex, age, and relationship status.